A condenser microphone is a recording device that converts sound signals into electrical signals through the vibration of its capacitor plates. Its core characteristics are high sensitivity to detail and clear reproduction.
Imagine two parallel 'small metal plates' (capacitor plates), one fixed and one capable of vibrating in response to sound; the louder the sound, the greater the amplitude of vibration, and the more pronounced the change in distance between the two plates. This change is converted into an electrical signal, ultimately becoming the recording we hear.
| Comparison dimension | Condenser microphone | dynamic microphone |
| Working Principle |
By vibrating the capacitor plates, sound signals are converted into electrical signals, operating under the influence of a polarising voltage.
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By oscillating a coil within a magnetic field to cut magnetic field lines, an electrical signal is generated without requiring a polarising voltage.
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| Sensitivity |
High sensitivity, capable of capturing subtle sonic details (such as breath and overtones)
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Low, with weaker capture of subtle sounds, placing greater emphasis on mid-to-low frequencies.
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| Pickup range |
Wide (typically 20Hz–20kHz and above), covering the range of human hearing
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Narrower (typically around 50Hz to 15kHz), with more pronounced mid-to-low frequency performance.
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| Applicable scenarios |
Quiet indoor environment: voice recording, ASMR, piano/guitar and other instrument recording, podcasting (desktop-level)
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Noisy/Live Environments: Bar gigs, concerts, outdoor interviews, drum kits and other high-sound-pressure recordings |
| Power supply requirements |
Requires phantom power (XLR connector) or battery/USB power supply (portable model)
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No additional power supply required; signals are transmitted directly via the audio cable.
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